I just redid the project with qmake an here everything works out of the box. Also adding an icon, which I was not able to do with the official documentation.
So I expect there is something wrong with the creation process of CMakeListe.txt?
I wrapped the text in macros that need to be translated
In addition to @sierdzio response, please keep in mind that Qt translation tools use the "original" text as the key for looking the proper translation in the available loaded Qt translator object, and if such string is not found, that same string is displayed instead.
This is a little bit different from some other translation tools that use "constants" (i.e. macro?) as the key and then you provide a file with constant -> translation pairs.