I've checked out v6.12.0-beta1 tag into $PWD/qt.

docker run -it --rm -v $PWD/qt:/src/qt ubuntu:22.04 bash
export CMAKE_VERSION="4.3.2"
export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
    build-essential \
    perl \
    python3 \
    git \
    ninja-build \
    cmake \
    ccache \
    libssl-dev \
    checkinstall \
    libwayland-dev \
    libxrandr-dev \
    patchelf \
    wget \
    fuse3 \
    pkg-config \
    rsync \
    libharfbuzz-dev \
    libfribidi-dev \
    libfontconfig-dev \
    libgl1-mesa-dev \
    libx11-dev \
    libxext-dev \
    libxfixes-dev \
    libxi-dev \
    libxrender-dev \
    libxcb1-dev \
    libx11-xcb-dev \
    libxcb-glx0-dev \
    libxcb-keysyms1-dev \
    libxcb-image0-dev \
    libxcb-shm0-dev \
    libxcb-icccm4-dev \
    libxcb-sync-dev \
    libxcb-xfixes0-dev \
    libxcb-shape0-dev \
    libxcb-randr0-dev \
    libxcb-render-util0-dev \
    libxcb-util-dev \
    libxcb-xinerama0-dev \
    libxkbcommon-dev \
    libxkbcommon-x11-dev \
    libxcb-xinput-dev \
    libegl1-mesa-dev \
    libxkbfile-dev \
    libxtst-dev \
    libxshmfence-dev \
    libxcursor-dev \
    libxcomposite-dev \
    libdrm-dev \
    libxcb-dri3-dev \
    libxcb-cursor-dev \
    libxcb-res0-dev \
    libdbus-1-dev \
    libdbus-c++-dev \
    libzstd-dev \
    liblzma-dev \
    libbz2-dev \
    gettext \
    python3-pip \
    flex \
    bison \
    libudev-dev \
    libcanberra-dev \
    qpdf \
    xxd \
    libavcodec-extra \
    libavcodec-dev

mkdir /cmake-build && \
    cd /cmake-build && \
    git clone --depth 1 --branch v${CMAKE_VERSION} https://github.com/Kitware/CMake.git && \
    cd CMake && \
    mkdir build && \
    cd build && \
    cmake .. -G "Unix Makefiles" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release && \
    cmake --build . --parallel && \
    checkinstall --install=no --nodoc --pkgname=cmake --pkgversion=${CMAKE_VERSION} -y && \
    apt -y remove cmake cmake-data && \
    dpkg -i cmake_${CMAKE_VERSION}*.deb && \
    rm -rf /cmake-build

mkdir /build && \
    cd /build && \
    /src/qt/configure \
        -prefix /usr \
        -opensource \
        -confirm-license \
        -release \
        -ccache \
        -xcb \
        -opengl \
        -skip qt3d \
        -skip qtcharts \
        -skip qtdatavis3d \
        -skip qtgamepad \
        -skip qtgraphs \
        -skip qtmqtt \
        -skip qtopenapi \
        -skip qtquick3d \
        -skip qtquick3dphysics \
        -skip qtquickeffectmaker \
        -skip qtremoteobjects \
        -skip qtsensors \
        -skip qtserialbus \
        -skip qtserialport \
        -skip qtspeech \
        -skip qtwebchannel \
        -skip qtwebengine \
        -skip qtwebsockets \
        -nomake examples \
        -nomake tests

Which archive did you download ?

libfontconfig1-dev is already the newest version (2.15.0-1.1ubuntu2).
libfreetype-dev is already the newest version (2.13.2+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1).
libgtk-3-dev is already the newest version (3.24.41-4ubuntu1.3).
libx11-dev is already the newest version (2:1.8.7-1build1).
libx11-xcb-dev is already the newest version (2:1.8.7-1build1).
libxcb-cursor-dev is already the newest version (0.1.4-1build1).
libxcb-glx0-dev is already the newest version (1.15-1ubuntu2).
libxcb-icccm4-dev is already the newest version (0.4.1-1.1build3).
libxcb-image0-dev is already the newest version (0.4.0-2build1).
libxcb-keysyms1-dev is already the newest version (0.4.0-1build4).
libxcb-randr0-dev is already the newest version (1.15-1ubuntu2).
libxcb-render-util0-dev is already the newest version (0.3.9-1build4).
libxcb-shape0-dev is already the newest version (1.15-1ubuntu2).
libxcb-shm0-dev is already the newest version (1.15-1ubuntu2).
libxcb-sync-dev is already the newest version (1.15-1ubuntu2).
libxcb-util-dev is already the newest version (0.4.0-1build3).
libxcb-xfixes0-dev is already the newest version (1.15-1ubuntu2).
libxcb-xkb-dev is already the newest version (1.15-1ubuntu2).
libxcb1-dev is already the newest version (1.15-1ubuntu2).
libxext-dev is already the newest version (2:1.3.4-1build2).
libxfixes-dev is already the newest version (1:6.0.0-2build1).
libxi-dev is already the newest version (2:1.8.1-1build1).
libxkbcommon-dev is already the newest version (1.6.0-1build1).
libxkbcommon-x11-dev is already the newest version (1.6.0-1build1).
libxrender-dev is already the newest version (1:0.9.10-1.1build1).

cmake version 4.4.2

CMake suite maintained and supported by Kitware (kitware.com/cmake).

~/qt-source/configure

I get the same error from both git sources and the official archive.

What exact parameters did you pass to configure ?
Are you building from git sources or from the official archive ?