I have this same problem on Qt Creator 4.12.2 (From revision 33c5ff216a) but I don't have Clang anywhere on my system, other than the distribution that comes with Qt. I am using Qt 5.15.0 with MSVC2019.
It doesn't seem like there is a way to download the linked beta build any longer as the listed artifacts are not in anyway hyperlinked, though perhaps you have to go somewhere else that I'm missing.
I was using Qt 5.14.3 with MSVC2019 on another system without issue but it hasn't been updated in a while so I guess the 16.5 update was the issue.
I'm guessing that even though it has been a bit since this issue was posted that the latest official version of Qt Creator still using Clang 8.0.
Is there another link to that beta build that anyone has?
EDIT:
Never mind, I eventually correctly guessed that you have to be logged into github in order to download artifacts from these builds for whatever reason.
Using this build also fixed the issue for me.