It is a problem with the installer's binaries they were build on Ubunto with a different libc or libstdc++ library than on Raspberry.
https://bugreports.qt.io/browse/QTBUG-137145
You can build it from the sources, then it works.
Install required packages
sudo apt install cmake libfontconfig1-dev libdbus-1-dev libfreetype6-dev libicu-dev libinput-dev libxkbcommon-dev libsqlite3-dev libssl-dev libpng-dev libjpeg-dev libglib2.0-dev libgles2-mesa-dev libgbm-dev libdrm-dev libvulkan-dev vulkan-tools
Install wayland libs
sudo apt install libwayland-dev libwayland-egl1-mesa libwayland-server0
Download and extract https://download.qt.io/official_releases/qt/6.8/6.8.3/submodules/qtbase-everywhere-src-6.8.3.tar.xz, tar -xf qtbase-everywhere-src-6.8.3.tar.xz
Switch to the directory where the file is extracted, make a directory for the build inside, switch into the build directory
cd /path/to/qtbase-extract, mkdir ./build, cd ./build
Build
cmake -G Ninja -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/home/raspifm/Qt/6.8.3-aarch64 -DQT_FEATURE_opengles2=ON -DQT_FEATURE_opengles3=ON -DQT_FEATURE_kms=ON -DQT_AVOID_CMAKE_ARCHIVING_API=ON ..
cmake --build . --parallel 4
Install
cmake --install .
Build modules, e.g.: qtsvg, qtimageformats, qtwayland
Download and extract https://download.qt.io/official_releases/qt/6.8/6.8.3/submodules/qt....tar.xz
tar -xf qt....tar.xz
Switch to the directory where the file is extracted, make a directory for the build inside, switch into the build directory
cd /path/to/qt...-extract, mkdir ./build, cd ./build
Build
/home/raspifm/Qt/6.8.3-aarch64/bin/qt-configure-module .., then cmake --build . --parallel 4
Install
cmake --install .